In modern times, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is widely accepted as a medical procedure, but it raises ethical concerns, especially regarding its use by single women and same-sex couples, ownership of gametes and embryos, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Dr. Kjell Asplund of Umeå University examined these ethical dilemmas across various countries.
Asplund’s analysis of IVF use by single women and same-sex couples highlights debates over non-discrimination and child wellbeing. Research shows that children born through IVF in these family structures do not show significant psychological differences compared to children in "traditional" families. Laws vary across Europe: 11 countries allow IVF for single women and same-sex couples, 11 prohibit it, and 6 remain undecided.
Regarding the ownership of gametes and embryos, Asplund explores post-mortem scenarios. He asks, if someone stores sperm, eggs, or embryos, should they be allowed to reproduce after death? In many countries, including France and Germany, the use of frozen gametes is prohibited after the donor's death, even if written consent was given beforehand. The United Kingdom allows it with prior written consent, while practices in the U.S. differ by region.
Asplund also addresses preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), a technique used to avoid implanting embryos with genetic mutations that will lead to severe illnesses. This practice is generally accepted, but ethical concerns arise when PGT is used for non-medical reasons, such as selecting traits like hair color or height. The primary concern is that this could lead to "designer babies" and eugenics. Another ethical issue is the use of preimplantation tissue typing (PTT) to create "savior siblings" — children conceived to be biological donors for a sick older sibling. While PGT is widely accessible, PTT is typically restricted to special cases.
These ethical challenges raise important questions about the limits and regulation of reproductive technologies, which continue to evolve across different legal and cultural contexts. This is just a short summary of the many ethical topics Asplund covered, so I really recommend giving the entire article a read because of how interesting and eye-opening it is.
Citation:
Asplund, K. (2019, November 5). Use of in vitro fertilization—ethical issues. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7721055/#abstract1.
This is a very fascinating topic that could be really beneficial for those in need especially countries facing a decline in younger populations. The dilemma I find most interesting is the "designer babies". I remember seeing that doctor from China being jailed for using this technique that allowed the children to be immune to HIV. Sure, obviously it was unethical and had I believe no regulation while he was doing this, but the outcomes can really benefit individuals who may be susceptible to life-threatening diseases. When analyzing the ethics surrounding these situations, one must evaluate the impact on a population to see if these techniques are viable. In the case of IVF as a whole, I would definitely support it as it helps those who struggle with conception, but needs to be regulated very well to prevent these hot topic ethical issues. Thank you for sharing!
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